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This chapter is devoted to the definition of a point in the space of values. A living being lives in a world of properties and their expression, properties in their expression can interact, which can end badly for a living being. Also, a living being needs to be controlled somehow, to give him commands (instructions) to regulate his condition, actions, behavior, etc.
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The definition of a point in the value space is the distance AB between two points A and B in the units of measurement of the selected property. Since the distance between the points can only be one, both points have the same definition relative to each other (have the same difference in the expression of the selected property). The definition is usually denoted by some digit as the length of a straight line segment (AB). The space of values is a digital line (measuring scale), that is directed from one point to another in accordance with the rules of analytical geometry.
A living being is in an aggressive environment. A high difference in temperatures, pressures and other things can cause injury to a living being, it can burn or die from something else. Therefore, it needs to be protected, at least taught to run away from something deadly. To do this, a living being must be taught to identify this deadly. In the picture at point A is the expression of (any) selected property of some living being, at point B is the expression of the irritant. The result is a difference in the expression of the property, this is the allocated quantity of the property, which is called the difference in values. The difference of values is a common name for the different expression of properties in the form of their real or abstract reflections, how (and how much) the irritant and the living being differ from each other. In this case, we are considering real reflections — temperatures, pressures, velocities, angles, etc. The difference in values is used to control a living being, it is an instruction that sets the work, as well as its duration, intensity, etc. As an example, we can imagine, that this is the temperature difference between the temperature of a living being and the temperature of the environment (irritant). The temperature difference is the difference in values and the total quantity of irritation. It can be viewed differently, that this is the difference of positions and definition (the length of a straight line segment). The difference in values is indicated by a digit, how much the expression of the property differs (how much the irritant and the living being differ from each other in the selected property).
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Geometrically, the definition is a straight line segment AB. The rules of geometry tell us, that a straight line can be drawn through two points, and only one. And a straight line segment is a straight line bounded by two points. Accordingly, the definition can be formed only one and only through two points (as the distance between them). By itself, a point is always indefinite (it does not form a straight line segment with itself). This means, that if there is no irritant, then there is no irritation itself. In this case, the point cannot define, how its highlighted property differs from the property of the irritant, because there is no second end of the segment, relative to which it can define its position (difference).
Physically, a definition is a highlighted part of a physical property in its expression (quantity). The use of two points is a method of highlighting a part of a physical property by cutting off the expression, that is beyond the two points. The latter lock part of the expression of the property inside themselves (among themselves), being the boundaries of the highlighted expression of the property. In our culture, we call it the difference of values (parameters, temperatures, heights, velocities, etc.). In the case of straight lines, this is the selected part of a straight line, where two points are the boundaries of the selected part (the ends of the line segment).
Psychology and its analytical geometry operate on the difference of values (positions on the measurement scale). Therefore, for a living being, everything, that is behind the living being and behind the irritant, is cut off. To do this, it is assumed, that the internal value of the point is zero, which may be incorrect.
Mathematically, the definition is the length of a straight line segment, denoted by a digit. The latter reflects the position (coordinate) of one point relative to another in the one-dimensional space of values. In distilled psychology, one of the points is placed at the zero position (origin). Accordingly, the definition is possible only through another point as its coordinate relative to the point at the zero position. Relative to itself, the point will always be indefinite (zero difference). This means, that a living being cannot define its own quantity of property, only the difference in quantities. For distilled psychology, an incoming point (a living being) is always placed in the zero position. In conventional psychology, none of the points is in the zero position and has internal parameters relative to absolute zero (the property is not expressed).
Technically, the definition is the result of measuring the difference in the expression of the selected property between two points. One of the points (incoming) is the beginning of the countdown, the second (outgoing) is the end. The distance between points in the value space becomes a parameter. Since the beginning of the reference cannot coincide with its completion (the zero length of the line segment, which means its absence), the point at the beginning of the reference never has its own parameters. But the parameter, like the distance between points, always has the opposite point. For distilled psychology, the incoming and zero point will not have its own expression of the property. This means, that it does not have its own temperature, pressure, mass, velocity and other relative to absolute zero, only relative to the irritant.
Cybernetically, a definition is some command (instruction), that has the value and magnitude of the value. The value is defined as a straight line segment bounded by two points. One of the points (incoming) this is a subject (a living being), the second point is an object (an irritant), the distance between them is equal to the magnitude of the command (instruction). A living being has a position relative to the irritant and relative to itself in the past. The command (instruction) sets the quantity of change in its own value (position relative to itself in the past). Since the eigenvalue is taken as zero, it is the value of the deviation from zero to the irritant or from the irritant. A point cannot form a segment with itself, therefore it cannot form commands (instructions) with itself and cannot change its position relative to itself in the past without the second end of the straight line segment (to control itself without an external irritant). In this case, the command (instruction) is set through the difference of physical values.
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The physical world is not limited to just three dimensions. It contains phenomena, that we call the properties of the body. Properties do not have their own geometry, they are always dimensionless, and always repeat the geometry of the body. The body heat does not have its own shape and coordinates in three-dimensional physical space, but the body, containing heat, has coordinates. If such a material body is represented as a geometric point, then the property in three-dimensional physical space will have the coordinates of this point. Beyond this point, the property will remain immeasurable.
Another feature is the manifestation of the property. Such a manifestation is called the expression (quantity) of the phenomenon. A body can have many physical properties and their quantity — the quantity of matter, electricity, heat, movement, etc. And each property can be more or less expressed relative to another body with the same property and relative to itself in the past. Also, a material body may contain a property, that does not manifest itself at all (has a null expression). Zero quantity of heat, motion, etc. At the same time, the property as a potential ability does not disappear anywhere, it remains with the material body. But there is no manifestation of the property, we cannot say, how much of it, and whether it exists at all, because its quantity is zero.
Thus, a geometric point, having three coordinates in three-dimensional physical space, can be assigned both the property itself and its expression in the form of quantity. In this case, not only the property acquires coordinates in the three-dimensional world (position in space), but also its expression. Accordingly, we can say, that a point has coordinates as a position in physical space. But equally we can say, that the property and its quantity have the same coordinates as the position in physical space. We can say, that materiality itself is the property of geometric points to be material and to have a position in physical space. In this case, the expression of a property is how material it is and outlined in the geometry of its shape (separated from other geometric points).
Unlike the property itself, its manifestation has the form of a one-dimensional space. It is always in the area of positive digits (coordinates) and is directed from zero (the property is not expressed) to infinity. Therefore, it is fair to say, that different quantity of the same property lies on the same line, just at different points of this line. We remember, that a straight line turns into a one-dimensional space, if put just one point on it and declare it the origin of coordinates. The property expression has it in the form of absence of quantity, absolute zero. If we put another point on a straight line, we form a straight line segment, where one of the ends will be in the zero position in the one-dimensional space of the expression of properties. The second one will be located somewhere on this straight line. The length of the segment of such a straight line will be the expression (quantity) of the property.
The one-dimensional space of the expression of properties and the one-dimensional space of values are different phenomena. We measure the temperature with a thermometer, but it reflects this parameter to us through the ability of mercury to expand when heated. And physically it is a reflection of a change in the volume of mercury, which is identified with a change in body temperature through a change in the quantity of heat inside mercury. The change in volume, when the quantity of heat changes, is an independent property, it is the ability of bodies to expand when heated. The greater the quantity of heat, the greater the expansion, the temperature as a parameter is a derivative of the quantity of heat and the increase in volume. The quantity, by which the volume, has changed is expressed not in degrees at all, but in cubic meters. But we scale the space of values (measuring scale) by degrees, because there is a physical relationship between the quantity of heat and the volume of the body. As a result, in the one-dimensional space of the expression of properties, the volume and quantity of heat have changed, and in the one-dimensional space of values we project the changes as a value of temperature. All together is a measurement of the expression of a property and in psychology is called a real reflection of a property and its quantity.
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The body contains a certain quantity of heat. We can measure the quantity of heat, denote this quantity by a digit (magnitude) and call it body temperature (value). Similarly, for any other property. |
We never put on a straight third point in our culture, since we are always interested in a parameter relative to zero, where zero is always the absence of a property expression. Therefore, we define the distance between two points in the value space through arithmetic. Having previously defined the position of both points (we call them eigenvalues) relative to absolute zero as the absence of a property expression. We call this distance the difference of values — the difference of masses, charges, velocities, temperatures, pressures, etc. Since both points are thought to have their own parameters, which correspond to some value, the distance between them is the difference in values.
The definition of a point in the value space is the difference between the values of two points on a digital line (in the example above, the temperature difference). Geometrically, this is the distance AB between points A and B, where both lie on the same straight line, reflecting the expression of the selected property. It is usually customary to denote the difference in those units of measurement, that correspond to the selected property. Here does not measure the distance between points in a three-dimensional physical space, but the distance in a one-dimensional space of values (in the example above, the subject measures the temperature difference), so there is no need to straighten one-dimensional space, it is already one-dimensional. The resulting definition is always subjective. In psychology, such a point is a living being, that subjectively measures the difference in values between themselves and surrounding points, forming straight lines with them. If there are no points in the environment, then there is no one to form a straight line segment with, then there is no difference in values. The most elementary definition of a point in the space of values will be the logical true or false. Another point, from which can form a straight line segment, is either there or not.
A living being is always one of the ends of a straight line segment, this turns a living being (a control and measuring device or a sense organ) into a subject. If a living being measures the difference of values between two points, then this does not turn it into a subject, only if a living being measures the difference of values between itself and another point. This means, that a living being must have that property, the difference of expression of which it defines (measures). That is, to lie on a straight line, that reflects the space of values, as one of the points. The irritant is always the second end of a straight line segment. Without this it is impossible to transform a living being into a mathematical point. This applies not only to temperatures, but to any values. If a living being defines, how much greener the irritant is, than a living being, then the living being must have some quantity of green, which is more or less, than the irritant. If a living being defines, how much the velocity or direction of movement of the irritant is greater or less, than that of a living being, then the living being must have some velocity and direction (even if equal to zero), which is greater or less, than that of the irritant. And etc. This is the main, that any psychologist or designer needs to remember (those, who want to create their own living being from metal, plastic and microchips, like an animal).
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Before, we return to distilled psychology, we must remember, what we talked about in the introduction. The point is set in motion by an acting force, which consists of an impulse, and the impulse consists of the difference in the masses and velocities of the points. Accordingly, the point is set in motion by the difference in mass or velocity (and the collision itself, of course). Not the mass and not the velocity of another body, but the difference of masses and the difference of velocities. When we strive to avoid a collision (a living being will die from this), we must not only provide our living being with its own source of movement, but also replace the difference in mass and velocity (the incoming impulse, that defines the magnitude of the action, its duration, etc.) with something else. In psychology, to control a living being, the difference in mass and velocity is replaced by a difference in values. At the same time, the difference in masses and velocities does not disappear anywhere, no one prevents us from using the difference in velocities (between the velocity of a living being and the velocity of an irritant) as an impulse, but this should not happen mechanically (direct contact — collision), but psychologically (contact at a distance — feeling).
We cannot allow a collision between a living being and an irritant, but it is the collision, that defines the quantity of movement. However, we remember, that in the case of a living being, we are dealing with a machine, so we set the magnitude of quantity of movement at a distance. In particular, in this case, the quantity of movement (impulse) will be defined not by the difference in mass and velocity, but by the different quantity of green between the living being and the irritant. If so, then no one prevents us from setting not only the quantity of movement (so that a living being runs away, if the difference in green values is too high), but also the quantity of another action (for example, how loud need to scream in horror, if the difference in green values is too high). In psychology, such a quantity of action is called a reaction to an irritant, the magnitude of the reaction (its intensity, duration, etc.) is defined by the magnitude of the irritant, and the type of reaction is defined by association with the irritant (the irritant causes some kind of separate reaction). The greater the green difference between a living being and an irritant, the faster need to run, shout louder, swear, do something else (these are examples). Thus, the difference in values turns into a command (instruction), with which we control a living being, his behavior, actions, reactions, etc. through interaction with the external environment.
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Now we can return to distilled psychology, because not only we can create a machine (a living being), although we don’t know, how to do this yet, and the control of such a device can be not only the way it is accepted in human culture. For distilled psychology, the rules of specific analytical geometry apply. There can be only two points on the digital line, through which this line is formed, and one of the two points must be in the zero position to transform the line into one-dimensional space. This is reasonable, if only the difference in values (command (instruction) and its magnitude) is of interest. But then it is impossible to define the difference in values in the usual way through the preliminary definition of the values of two points relative to absolute zero (the property is not expressed) and further arithmetic. In accordance with the rules of analytical geometry, either a living being, that makes a measurement (definition), or some point external to it, can be in the zero position. For distilled psychology, the zero point is always a living being, he is also an incoming point. For the social dimension, there is an external point in the zero position, and a living being has a coordinate (definition). We call it self-awareness (or so), machines can create and program not only those, who can create living beings.
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There is nothing better, than a comparison. In this case, a comparison of two different methods of measuring and calculating two different civilizations. |
This is what any psychologist should know, if it is a psychologist. To illustrate, we give an example with temperature, but for other properties it works similarly. Points A and B have their own temperatures relative to zero (zero expression). In our culture, we will define the position of each point relative to zero (the property is not expressed). This means, that each point will have an internal value of temperature (magnitude) relative absolute zero. In distilled psychology, there is distilled analytical geometry, where the presence of third points is not allowed, the positions of the points are defined relative to each other, for this one of the points is put in the zero position. The space beyond the points turns out to be the space behind the back. Further in our culture, we will subtract less from more. In distilled analytical geometry, this is not necessary, the position (coordinate) of the second point relative to the first in this case will be the desired definition (temperature difference) without any arithmetic. Both methods will give the same result, but these are two different methods. For a more specific example, we can fill a bathtub with water with the temperature of the human body. In this case, our hand (and ourselves) will not be able to define the temperature difference between the temperature of the water and the temperature of our body. Because we, as an incoming point, are in the zero position (the origin), and the outgoing point (water temperature) is too close to us in the value space (in this example, this is the temperature space). As a consequence, we cannot define the temperature difference, because we cannot form a straight line segment with ourselves (between the temperature of our body and the temperature of water). The fact, that our hand is in the water, we can only define by tactile sensations, but we cannot say about the expression (quantity) of property (heat).
These are echoes of analytical geometry, where the eigenvalues of points are completely uninteresting. The difference of values is interesting, which is only one and is thought of as a quantity (command and instruction). Therefore, we do not define the temperature of the water, but the temperature difference between the water and our body, while the temperature of our body is always in the zero position (equal to zero). In theory, our body can’t even define who exactly this difference belongs to, although in practice it can, thanks to the developers. Similarly, for any other properties, where our body measures not the values themselves, but the difference in values, which we consider to be a value (parameter of the irritant), a command and an instruction (to pull hand back, for example, if the temperature difference between us and water is too large — a reaction to irritation). The difference is defined as a straight line segment AB, for our culture it would be the length of the straight line segment AB (digit, magnitude).
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Then the vulgar practice breaks in again. First, it compresses the property and its expression into a geometric point. We remember, that the property repeats the geometry of the body, to which it belongs. And remember, that the property has a manifestation, that can be distributed unevenly across the geometry. Therefore, the manifestation of the property is taken either as an arithmetic mean over the entire geometry of the body, or as the maximum expression (and maximum difference in values) of the property, also assigned to the whole body. The latter option is frequent and reasonable. After all, the definition is taken by a living being, who can glue the fins together, if the difference in values turns out to be too large. What needs to be avoided, which means to extend this definition to the whole body. As a result, abstract points A and B are obtained in the space of values, under which the real manifestation of the property is hidden. Further, subjective definitions (measurements) of the difference in values are made between these abstractions. Physical reality is transformed into mathematical reality.
Then the practice stumbles over analytical geometry and its rules, which are not entirely compatible with the surrounding reality. We remember, that the definitions of A and B are equal to AB. We remember, that the coordinates of A or B are zero. And remember, that zero is the absence of the manifestation of a property. But in reality, A and B will have their own values relative to absolute zero, which is the real absence of the manifestation of the property. In other words, if A or B are equal to zero, it does not mean that one of the points has a property with a null expression. Our body temperature is zero according to the rules of analytical geometry. Our body does not have its own temperature relative to the water in the bath, only the temperature difference between the temperatures of our body and the water. And if the temperatures of the body and the water in the bath are equal, then there is no straight line segment, there is no temperature difference and there is no definition, irritation and reaction to irritation. But objectively, our body has a temperature relative to absolute zero as the absence of any temperature. As well as the temperature of the water in the bath, thanks to which we can identify the difference through arithmetic (if there is such a difference).
For distilled psychology, there is no problem in this, since the difference in values that is being sought is precisely the difference that is used as a command (an instruction is an analog of an impulse and instead of an impulse). But we remember, that according to the rules of geometry, the direction of a straight line and a one-dimensional space must always coincide. We remember, that one-dimensional space is defined by one point, from which the direction of one-dimensional space diverges in different directions. And remember, that the straight line is always directed in one direction. If we take a point on such a straight line as zero (for example, the temperature of our body), then on one side the directions of the straight line and one-dimensional space will coincide (the temperature range is higher than the temperature of the human body), and on the other they will be opposite (the temperature range is lower than the temperature of the human body). We remember, that the observer is standing in the zero position, the direction of his gaze corresponds to the direction of the straight line. As a result, he has a space behind his back that he does not see. In our example, these will be temperatures below the temperature of the human body, taken as zero, negative coordinates. And they cannot be defined according to the rules of analytical geometry.
To solve this problem, the straight line is duplicated in the other direction. But we remember, that only one straight line can be drawn through two points. In the other direction — this is another straight line. Therefore, any measurements of our body (as a control and measuring device and a sense organ) in the space of values are carried out in pairs in the direction of greater and less than zero. This also applies to temperature differences, the temperature difference above zero (human body temperature) is defined separately, and the temperature difference below zero (human body temperature) is defined separately. The body reacts to too large a difference in values in the same way — with pain from a burn (cold or hot). The more, the more painful. We should note, that a living beings are no different from the usual control and measuring devices (voltmeter, thermometer, etc.), except for one. Our devices always take the absence of expression as zero (the voltmeter does not have its own voltage parameter, therefore it is not a subject (a living being) in the sense of psychology) or the environment (zero thermometer). But they also measure the difference in values between their own and the measured expressed of the property.
If we return to the sphere model, then the point in the center also has a property, the expression of which has a digital value (magnitude of quantity). By analogy with the coordinate space, a point on the surface of a sphere should have a value higher, then the point in the center. Then the analogy will be complete, the point in the center is incoming, a straight line is drawn through it and a point on the surface. But we remember, that in the coordinate space the point in the center always has a zero position, there is simply nowhere for negative coordinates to come from. Therefore, a complete analogy did not work out. If the point in the center has a value, other than zero, then there can only be a point on the surface of the sphere with a value higher, then the value of the point in the center. Hence the need to turn the sphere inside out, when there may still be a point on the surface of the sphere with a value lower, than the value of the point in the center, but at the same time remain in the positive area. If we go back to temperatures, then these are two measuring devices, one of which defines, how much the surrounding points are hotter, and the second, how much colder they are. At the same time, both give the result in a positive value (magnitude).
Why is that? There can be many versions. Because such is the analytical geometry, so accustomed, such is the culture and modus operandi of the creators of all living beings. We are not familiar with arithmetic, we do not know digits. Or because only the difference in values was needed, because then the command to change the position relative to the irritant would follow, which would be a movement away from itself in the past. Or because such a model is used in the coordinate space, it was moved to the space of values, but it was not adequate to reality, had to invent something on knee. Although the coordinate space, judging by the facts, is a tracing paper from the space of values, and it is even more artificial (the developers’ thinking is very clearly visible on the example of the coordinate space and movement in the coordinate space). It should be noted that using a mirror definition in the other direction gives the same effect as in the space of values, where the observer in the center saw the entire surface of the sphere directly in front of him. Here he looks both ways at the same time. Or because it was necessary to save the body from a high difference in values in both directions, because it is fatal both there and here. The versions may be different. But the human body has an objective parameter in the form of its own temperature relative to absolute zero. And the subjective parameter of the temperature of the surrounding bodies relative to its temperature, taken as zero. This also applies to other properties.
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Some principles from the coordinate space will remain unchanged. Firstly, the positions of the points may change. This means that consciousness is necessary as a regular call of definition (measurement) in order to define the relative position of points in the space of values as the difference of values. Secondly, paired spaces of values are one-dimensional, which means, that two points can make only two types of movement — to each other or from each other. The first case is called parameter alignment, something we know about it as the second law of thermodynamics. The second one is artificial, it requires specified properties, that are not found in nature, special devices and algorithms. If the first case in practice gives energy to the surrounding space, then the second one in practice absorbs energy. We know this well from the operation of any machine, mechanism or device, that requires energy consumption to perform work.
There is a first-order definition. This is the distance between points (the difference in values) in one act of consciousness. It reflects the difference between the manifestation of the selected property in a living being and an irritant, who has more, and how much. In its simplest form, it will be true or false, there is a difference or not. Physically, this is some quantity of property, clamped by two points, which was measured by a control and measuring device according to the rules of analytical geometry. For example, the volume is the quantity of heat, electricity, motion, etc. Technically, this is the quantity of a property, converted to a value. In theory, two points will lock a certain energy potential inside themselves, in practice, this potential will not be a source of power (energy) for a living being at all, it is rather an imitation of an energy potential (impulse). If a living being takes with his consciousness only one definition in his entire life, then the life of a living being will be short, therefore…
There is a second-order definition. Body characteristics may change, information about this should be kept up to date. Therefore, consciousness should cause definition regularly. The second-order definition is the velocity of change of the coordinate of the outgoing point per unit of time. It is perceived as a change in the state of the outgoing point and generates the perception of time. Time is always directed, such a direction is usually called past, present and future, here the previous position of the point (and therefore the characteristic) and the current one are compared. It is not an additional coordinate, but a gap between two acts of consciousness, in which definitions were taken. The more often acts of consciousness occur, the more detailed the velocity of change, but the changes themselves do not depend on the frequency of consciousness.
If the second-order definition returns false or zero, then the difference in values between the incoming and outgoing points has not changed. This happens, when the points change their objective parameters at the same velocity, which is equivalent to parallel movement in physical space. For example, if two points cool down to room temperature at the same velocity, then the distance between them in the space of values (temperature difference) will not change. If the second-order definition returns true or some value, then one of the points changes its value relative to the other. From analytic geometry, we can’t tell which one. Therefore, in the figure, both the irritant can cool down to the temperature of a living being, and a living being can heat up to the temperature of the irritant. This applies to other value differences as well. Consciousness only records, that the difference in values has changed. The velocity of such changes can also change, so…
There is a third-order definition. This is the velocity of change of the velocity of state change, the second-order velocity, which can be acceleration or deceleration of the velocity of change. It represents the difference of values between the current and previous second-order definitions.
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Someone continues to heat up or cool down. But the difference in values has become smaller relative to itself in the past. |
If the third-order definition returns false or zero, then the points change their coordinates at a constant velocity (uniformly). If the third-order definition returns true or a value, then the difference in values in one direction is greater, than in the other. In theory, a point, sandwiched between two others, will always tend to choose a position in the middle as a point of symmetry for the other two (or the position of one of the points among which it is sandwiched). In one-dimensional space, its movement will look like a convergence, but slower and slower, until it stops completely. If we know the velocity of a point of the first and second order in the space of values, we can calculate its future positions (in future iterations of consciousness). For example, what will be the temperature of the point (position in the space of values) after a certain quantity of time.
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And a little irony over the creators of all living beings and their analytical geometry. We have got a rather interesting living being, that can define the temperature of other irritants, but not its own body, because its own body temperature is always zero. However, a living being cannot define the true temperature of other bodies as a parameter either. Only relative to its own, which is always zero. It cannot even define, whether it is greater or less, than its own, because it is always greater, than its own, which is always zero. The only thing, that saves is, that the irritant are cold (measured on a cold scale), because the line is drawn in one direction, or warm (measured on a hot scale), because the line is drawn in the other direction. Or because the measuring ruler is applied in different directions, but always with zero to a living being. Only this feature of measurement suggests, that there are hard and soft irritant, there are faster and slower, stronger and weaker, etc. Previously, it was difficult to say, whether this house is ten meters from a living being, or whether a living being is ten meters from the house. Because the length of a straight line segment is the same, no matter how count (even AB, even BA). And only the distance itself in the coordinate space was defined with iron accuracy — about ten meters. Now it is difficult for a living being to define, whether it is so warm (hard, some other), or whether this environment is so cold (soft, some other). Only the difference itself is defined, that we are so different. Own parameters can leave. However, they are always equal to zero, so it seems to a living being, that it is not his parameters are leaving at all. These irritants suddenly become somehow warmer, than before. But this is not, because a living being has glued its fins together, and its temperature drops to room temperature. It cannot drop, because it is always zero. And yes, don’t have to take it seriously, it’s just ironic.
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Previous chapter — Defining a point in the coordinate space
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Next chapter — Defining a point in an abstract space
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